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Bartolomé de las Casas
Bartolomé de las Casas (c. 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish Dominican friar and reformer. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed Protector of the Indians. His extensive writings, the most famous and controversial being ''A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies'' and ''Historia de Las Indias'', chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus mostly on daily life in the New World and the relations between the colonizers and the natives. They include examples of ill-treatment committed by the colonizers on the indigenous population though its extreme views are considered an early example of the anti-Spanish Black Legend. He participated with other Spanish scholars and friars in the Valladolid debate, a moral and theological debate about life in the Indies, which eventually led to the passing of the 1542 Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Natives.
Arriving as one of the first European settlers in the Americas, he initially participated in, but eventually opposed, the maltreatment of the Native Americans by the early colonists. In 1512, the Spanish Monarchs passed a set of laws forbiding the mistreatment of the indigenous people and granting them certain rights in what is considered one of the earliest examples of humanitarian laws. However, some abuses continued and in 1515 de las Casas reformed his views, gave up his encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles V, for broader rights for the natives and their conversion to Christianity. In his early writings, he advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West-Indian colonies; consequently, criticisms have been leveled at him as being partly responsible for the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade. Later in life, he retracted those early views as he came to see all forms of slavery as equally wrong. In 1522, he attempted to launch a new kind of peaceful colonialism on the coast of Venezuela, but this venture failed, causing Las Casas to enter the Dominican Order and become a friar, leaving the public scene for a decade. He then traveled to Central America undertaking evangelization among the Maya of Guatemala and participated in debates among the Mexican churchmen about how best to convert the natives to the Christian faith.
Traveling back to Spain to recruit more missionaries, he continued lobbying for the abolition of the encomienda. The efforts of various friars and clergymen including de las Casas were partly responsible for the passing of the New Laws in 1542, a new set of stricter regulations which granted broader rights to the natives, limited the power of the Spanish ''encomenderos'' and reinforced the prohibition of slavery. He was appointed Bishop of Chiapas, but served only for a short time before he was forced to return to Spain because of conflicts with Spanish settlers and fellow clergy because of his controversial pro-Indian policies and religious stances. The remainder of his life was spent at the Spanish court where he continued to influence Indies-related issues. In 1550, he participated in the Valladolid debate the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers.
Despite raising awareness about the injustices in the Indies, Bartolome de las Casas was a controversial figure for his often extreme and inaccurate accounts of life in the New World, later used by writers from competing European powers to create the anti-Spanish propaganda known as the Black Legend. The efforts of de las Casas and other scholars contributed to improve the legal status of the natives and increased the focus on the ethics of colonialism, particularly through the Valladolid debate. Although de las Casas is seen by some as an advocate for universal human rights〔 his extreme views have considerably discredited his writings as a historical source.
== Life and times ==
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